26.3. File Systems
The df command reports the system's disk space
usage. If you type the command df at a shell prompt,
the output looks similar to the following:
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 10325716 2902060 6899140 30% /
/dev/hda1 15554 8656 6095 59% /boot
/dev/hda3 20722644 2664256 17005732 14% /home
none 256796 0 256796 0% /dev/shm |
By default, this utility shows the partition size in 1 kilobyte blocks
and the amount of used and available disk space in kilobytes. To view
the information in megabytes and gigabytes, use the command df
-h. The -h argument stands for
human-readable format. The output looks similar to the following:
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda2 9.8G 2.8G 6.5G 30% /
/dev/hda1 15M 8.5M 5.9M 59% /boot
/dev/hda3 20G 2.6G 16G 14% /home
none 251M 0 250M 0% /dev/shm |
In the list of partitions, there is an entry for
/dev/shm. This entry represents the system's
virtual memory file system.
The du command displays the estimated amount of space
being used by files in a directory. If you type du at
a shell prompt, the disk usage for each of the subdirectories will be
displayed in a list. The grand total for the current directory and
subdirectories will also be shown as the last line in the list. If you
do not want to see the totals for all the subdirectories, use the command du
-hs to see only the grand total for the directory in
human-readable format. Use the du --help command to
see more options.
To view the system's partitions and disk space usage in a graphical
format, use the System Monitor tab as shown at the
bottom of Figure 26-2.
26.3.1. Monitoring File Systems
Red Hat Linux provides a utility called diskcheck that
monitors the amount of free disk space on the system. Based on the
configuration file, it will send email to the system administrator
when one or more disk drives reach a specified capacity. To use this
utility, you must have the diskcheck RPM package
installed.
This utility is run as an hourly cron
[1]
task.
The following variables can be defined in /etc/diskcheck.conf:
defaultCutoff — When disk drives
reach this percent capacity, it will be reported. For example, if
defaultCutoff = 90, an email will be sent when
the monitored disk drives reach 90% capacity.
cutoff[/dev/partition]
— Override the defaultCutoff for the
partition. For example, if cutoff['/dev/hda3'] =
50 is specified, diskcheck will alert
the system administrator when the partition
/dev/hda3 reaches 50% capacity.
cutoff[/mountpoint]
— Override the defaultCutoff for the
mount point. For example, if cutoff['/home'] =
50 is specified, diskcheck will
alert the system administrator when the mount point
/home reaches 50% capacity.
exclude — Specify one or more partitions
for diskcheck to ignore. For example,
if exclude = "/dev/sda2 /dev/sda4" is
specified, diskcheck will not alert the system
administrator if /dev/sda2 or
/dev/sda4 reaches the specified cutoff percentage.
ignore — Specify one or more file system
types to ignore in the format -x
filesystem-type. For example,
if ignore = "-x nfs -x iso9660" is specified,
the system administrator will not be alerted about nfs or iso9660
file systems reaching capacity.
mailTo — Email address of the system
administrator to alert when partitions and mount points reach the
specified capacity. For example, if mailTo =
"webmaster@example.com" is specified,
webmaster@example.com will be emailed alerts.
mailFrom — Specify the identity of the
email sender. This is useful if the system administrator wants to
filter the mail from diskcheck. For example, if
mailFrom = "Disk Usage Monitor" is specified,
email will be sent to the system administrator with the sender Disk
Usage Monitor.
mailProg — Specify the mail program to
use to send email alerts. For example, if mailProg =
"/usr/sbin/sendmail" is specified, Sendmail will be used
as the mail program.
You do not have to restart a service if you change the configuration
file because it is read each time the cron task is run. You must have
the crond service running for cron tasks to be
executed. To determine if the daemon is running, use the command
/sbin/service crond status. It is recommended that
you start the service at boot time. Refer to Chapter 14 Controlling Access to Services for details on starting the cron service
automatically at boot time.
